Resumen
Caleta Mariana, un fiordo antártico proglaciar, ha sido afectado por el retroceso glaciar, generando un marcado gradiente ambiental que modula la estructura y composición de las comunidades bentónicas. Dada esta relevancia, la presente revisión tiene por objetivo compilar y analizar la información disponible sobre la ecología, biodiversidad y dinámica funcional de dichas comunidades, identificando patrones de sucesión ecológica, acoplamiento trófico y resiliencia frente al retroceso glaciar. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de literatura científica publicada en las últimas tres décadas mediante Google Scholar y Web of Science, aplicando criterios de inclusión que consideraron exclusivamente artículos revisados por pares enfocados en aspectos ecológicos o tróficos del macrobentos. Los estudios revisados revelan que la alta sedimentación y turbidez próximas al glaciar favorecen comunidades pioneras de baja diversidad, mientras que sectores externos presentan ensambles más diversos y funcionalmente complejos. La producción bentónica local y la redundancia funcional emergen como mecanismos primordiales de resiliencia ecológica ante perturbaciones crecientes, con especies funcionalmente redundantes adaptadas a este gradiente de disturbio ambiental, y otras especies clave que sostienen flujos de energía y la biodiversidad local. Asimismo, los contrastes entre Caleta Mariana y otros fiordos
antárticos, como Caleta Potter, evidencian mecanismos ecológicos convergentes bajo distintos grados de disturbio glaciar, donde la producción bentónica local y la redundancia funcional sustentan la resiliencia ecosistémica. Esta revisión sintetiza tres
décadas de investigación en un fiordo antártico representativo y enfatiza la necesidad de monitoreo continuo, metodologías estandarizadas y colaboración internacional para anticipar los umbrales críticos de estabilidad ecológica frente al cambio climático.
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